Časy, nepravidelná slovesa a slovíčka.
| Čas | Jak se tvoří | Kdy ho použiješ | Příklad |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present simple | I play / he plays | co se opakuje, co platí vždycky | He plays football every day. |
| Present continuous | am / is / are + sloveso-ing | co probíhá právě teď | He is playing football now. |
| Past simple | 2. tvar (played, went) | uzavřená minulost s časovým údajem | He played football yesterday. |
| Present perfect | have / has + 3. tvar | od minulosti až do teď, bez určení kdy | He has played football three times. |
| Future – will | will + základní tvar | rozhodnutí teď, slib, nabídka, názor | He will play football with us. |
| Future – going to | am / is / are going to + zákl. tvar | plán domluvený předem | He is going to play football on Sunday. |
Učí se v trojicích: 1. tvar – 2. tvar – 3. tvar. Druhý tvar patří do minulého času, třetí tvar za have / has.
| 1. tvar | 2. tvar | 3. tvar | česky |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was | been | být |
| become | became | become | stát se |
| begin | began | begun | začít |
| break | broke | broken | rozbít |
| bring | brought | brought | přinést |
| build | built | built | stavět |
| buy | bought | bought | koupit |
| catch | caught | caught | chytit |
| choose | chose | chosen | vybrat si |
| come | came | come | přijít |
| cost | cost | cost | stát (o ceně) |
| cut | cut | cut | řezat |
| do | did | done | dělat |
| draw | drew | drawn | kreslit |
| drink | drank | drunk | pít |
| drive | drove | driven | řídit auto |
| eat | ate | eaten | jíst |
| fall | fell | fallen | spadnout |
| feel | felt | felt | cítit se |
| find | found | found | najít |
| fly | flew | flown | letět |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | zapomenout |
| get | got | got | dostat |
| give | gave | given | dát |
| go | went | gone | jít |
| grow | grew | grown | růst |
| have | had | had | mít |
| hear | heard | heard | slyšet |
| hold | held | held | držet |
| keep | kept | kept | nechat si |
| know | knew | known | znát, vědět |
| 1. tvar | 2. tvar | 3. tvar | česky |
|---|---|---|---|
| leave | left | left | odejít, opustit |
| lose | lost | lost | ztratit |
| make | made | made | vyrobit |
| meet | met | met | potkat |
| pay | paid | paid | zaplatit |
| put | put | put | položit |
| read | read | read | číst |
| ride | rode | ridden | jezdit na kole |
| ring | rang | rung | zvonit |
| run | ran | run | běžet |
| say | said | said | říct |
| see | saw | seen | vidět |
| sell | sold | sold | prodat |
| send | sent | sent | poslat |
| sing | sang | sung | zpívat |
| sit | sat | sat | sedět |
| sleep | slept | slept | spát |
| speak | spoke | spoken | mluvit |
| spend | spent | spent | strávit, utratit |
| stand | stood | stood | stát na nohou |
| swim | swam | swum | plavat |
| take | took | taken | vzít |
| teach | taught | taught | učit někoho |
| tell | told | told | říct někomu |
| think | thought | thought | myslet si |
| throw | threw | thrown | házet |
| understand | understood | understood | rozumět |
| wake | woke | woken | probudit se |
| wear | wore | worn | nosit oblečení |
| win | won | won | vyhrát |
| write | wrote | written | psát |
every day × now
Prostý = opakuje se: every day, usually, often, always, never, on Mondays.
Průběhový = děje se teď: now, at the moment, right now.
Pozor na -s u he, she, it: she watches.
played · went · didn’t go
Kladná věta: 2. tvar slovesa (stejný pro všechny osoby).
Otázka: Did + osoba + základní tvar.
Zápor: didn’t + základní tvar.
Po did a didn’t už minulý tvar nikdy nepiš.
yesterday × just
Past simple – víme kdy: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2019.
Present perfect – nevíme kdy, ale platí to teď: ever, never, just, already, yet, for, since.
for = jak dlouho (for two years), since = od kdy (since 2019).
I will × I’m going to
will – rozhoduješ se právě teď, slibuješ, nabízíš pomoc, říkáš názor (I think, I’m sure, probably).
going to – plán domluvený dřív, nebo něco, co na vlastní oči vidíš přicházet.
Zápor: won’t = will not.
Do you …? – Yes, I do.
Pořadí: tázací slovo – pomocné sloveso – podmět – sloveso.
Where do you live? · What is he doing? · Did you see it?
V krátké odpovědi zopakuj pomocné sloveso, ne to hlavní: Yes, I do. / No, she doesn’t. / Yes, they have. / No, I’m not.
get up (vstát) · get on (nastoupit) · get off (vystoupit) · look after (starat se o) · look for (hledat) · look forward to (těšit se na) · turn on / off (zapnout / vypnout) · turn up / down (zesílit / ztlumit) · give up (vzdát se) · take off (sundat si) · put on (obléct si) · find out (zjistit) · wake up (probudit se) · grow up (vyrůst) · try on (vyzkoušet si) · throw away (vyhodit) · hurry up (pospíšit si) · break down (porouchat se) · fill in (vyplnit) · write down (zapsat si).
Větší znalosti = větší rozhled